The individual responsible for the theory of change that includes unfreeze, movement, and refreezing is which of the following?

• A. McGregor
• B. Fayol
• C. Lewin
• D. Deming

Answer: (C)

Lewin’s three-stage model of change explains how to implement lasting change by first preparing people, then moving to new behaviors, and finally embedding the change. In unfreezing, you create readiness for change and reduce resistance to shift. The movement phase is when the actual change happens—new processes, structures, or ways of thinking are adopted. Refreezing solidifies the new methods into standard practice so they stick over time. This ordering—unfreeze, move, refreeze—is traditionally attributed to Kurt Lewin.

Other figures you might encounter cover different areas: McGregor is known for Theory X and Theory Y about managerial assumptions; Fayol outlined administrative management principles and functions; Deming focused on quality improvement and the PDCA cycle.